![]() ![]() We still don't know who is going to get this table, but we can say "Julia gives a table." Recall that table is: Maybe Julia has a lot of tables and wants to get rid of one. So, going back to our earlier sentence with Julia, let's pick something for Julia to give. "Book", then, is our direct object and would be in the accusative case in Latin. In this case, the boy is reading a "book". The answer to the question "What is the boy reading?" is the direct object. "Reads" is our verb, so the boy is reading something. Take this sentence: "The boy reads a book." We know from our discussion on the nominative case that "the boy" is the subject. The accusative case is often the direct object of a sentence. Your first Latin sentence! Pretty simple, huh? Well, let's add on to it. So, if we want to say "Julia gives", the sentence in Latin is: We haven't learned any verbs yet and there is a lot to learn about verbs before they can be used well, but for our purpose right now we will just say that dat means "gives". Julia has a stem of Juli- and in the nominative singular (nominative because Julia's the subject, singular because there's only one Julia) the ending is -a. Luckily for us, many women's names were treated as first declension nouns in Latin, so: NOMINATIVE LATIN ENDINGS HOW TOFirst, we need to know how to say Julia in Latin. But, we know most of what we need to know to translate the first one. Now, we're not even going to try translating that second sentence into Latin quite yet. Even in a more complex sentence such as "Julia hesitantly decided that it would be a wonderful idea to destroy the table by repeatedly kicking it", we can still find the subject fairly easily. So, if the sentence were in Latin, Julia would have to be in the nominative case. For instance, in the sentence "Julia gives" the subject is Julia (what she gives and to whom she's giving it, we don't know). The nominative, or "name" from the Latin nomen, case is almost always used for the subject of a sentence. If you see the -ae notation in an entry, it is clear that the word is a first declension noun. Often, dictionaries will shorten the entry by just printing the genitive singular ending instead of the entire genitive singular. So, if you want an ablative plural (case ending -is), you would just add that ending to mens- to get mensis.ĭictionary Convention You can add the necessary ending for whatever case and number is needed to that stem. That is what is known as the stem of the word. So, mensae loses the -ae and becomes mens. Knowing that -ae is the ending for the genitive singular, all we need to do is delete that ending from the word. Note how both of those words have the endings that we just said were marks of the first declension nouns. If the nominative singular ends in -a and the genitive singular ends in -ae, we have a first declension noun. First, we need to check to see if we have a first declension noun. How do we determine what the stem (i.e., the part before the ending that remains the same in each case) is and what the ending is? Well, we go back to the dictionary entry that we learn for each word. ![]() ![]() Memorize all twelve endings even though this lesson will only use four (nominative singular, nominative plural, accusative singular, accusative plural). You will have to memorize these endings you should do this now. We've already seen the first declension in the charts in the introduction to nouns, but let's take a closer look now. Most first declension nouns are feminine, though a few notable exceptions are masculine. It is the most regular of the five declensions, in that the twelve endings (6 cases X 2 numbers) are always exactly the same. The first declension is a group of Latin nouns with the same endings. ![]()
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